Pacak Nian Artinya Palembang

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Early modern Sumatran sultanate

The Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam (Malay: كسلطانن ڤلمبڠ دارالسلام) was a sultanate in Indonesia whose capital was the city of Palembang in the southern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.[1] It was proclaimed in 1659 by Susuhunan Abdurrahman (1659–1706) and dissolved by the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies on October 7, 1823. In 1825, its last ruler, Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin, was arrested and sent into exile on the island of Banda Neira in the Moluccas.

Terus, Kenapa Naga Akhirnya Jadi Simbol Imlek dan Barongsai?

Naga Nian kan dikenal sebagai monster di masyarakat Tiongkok, ya. Terus, kok bisa sih jadi simbol Imlek?

Menurut Tribunnews, naga dikenal jadi salah satu simbol di hari raya Imlek karena masyarakat Tiongkok percaya kalau ia merupakan salah satu binatang shio yang mewakili kekuatan, keberanian, pendirian teguh, dan kebaikan.

Bahkan pada mitologi China, naga juga mewakili lambang keamanan, waspada, dan binatang yang menjadi raja dari seluruh binatang lainnya. Keren banget, ya? Makanya naga jadi salah satu simbol Imlek.

Makanya, setiap hari raya Imlek biasanya identik dengan pertunjukan tarian barongsai naga atau singa.

Soalnya, masyarakat Tiongkok percaya kalau lambang naga bisa membawa hal-hal baik untuk mereka di tahun yang baru tersebut.

Gimana, Sobat Zenius? Menarik banget, kan? Kalau elo sendiri, binatang Imlek apa sih yang paling bikin tertarik? Yuk, bagi-bagi pengalaman di kolom komentar!

Baca juga: Mengenal Super Immunity dan Cara Virus Corona Menyerang Tubuh

Chinese New Year: celebrate the coming of spring – Live Science (2018)

Chinese New Year: What is it and how is it celebrated? – BBC News (2022)

Chinese New Year customs you need to know – The Jakarta Post (2017)

Atraksi Barongsai di Seaworld – Suara (2022)

Chinese New Year Story – Legend of Monster Nian – Travel China Guide (2018)

Do you … know the legend of Nian monster? – The Star (2017)

Top 3 Famous Chinese New Year Stories: the “Nian” Monster – China Highlights (2022)

Imlek, Naga Simbol Kewaspadaan dan Keamanan – Tribunnews (2012)

Why is there always a dragon or lion dance in Chinese New Year parades and celebrations? – Metro (2018)

Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam (1659–1823)

Lists of Sultans of Palembang

Establishment and early records

According to the story of Kidung Pamacangah and Babad Arya Tabanan[2] it was said that a figure from Kediri named Arya Damar who was a "regent of Palembang" joined Gajah Mada, ruler of Majapahit in conquering Bali in 1343. Historian C.C. Berg thought that Arya Damar was identical to Adityawarman. The name Palembang was also mentioned in Nagarakretagama as one of the conquered lands of Majapahit. Gajah Mada also mentioned the name Palembang in Pararaton as one of the regions that he conquered.

A Chinese chronicle Chu-fan-chi written in 1178 by Chou-Ju-Kua recorded the name Pa-lin-fong, a reference to Palembang. Around 1513, Tomé Pires an adventurer from Portugal mentioned Palembang, a kingdom which is led by a patron who was appointed from Java and was then referred to as the Sultanate of Demak and participated in the invasion of Portuguese Controlled Melaka. In 1596, Palembang was attacked and razed by the Dutch East India Company. In 1659, the name Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman was recorded as sovereign of the Palembang Sultanate. Records of connection with the VOC have been mentioned since the year 1601.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Palembang became one of the centers of Islam in Indonesia. The precursor of the sultanate in Palembang was founded by Ki Gede ing Suro, a nobleman from the Demak Sultanate, who took refuge in friendly Palembang during the troubles following the death of Trenggana of Demak. On the north bank of the Musi River, he and the nobilities established a kraton, the Kuto Gawang. It was located quite strategically on the riverfront of the Musi, in the present 2-Ilir District, within what is now the complex of PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja, a state-run fertilizer manufacturer. The Kraton of Kuto Gawang was surrounded by a square-shaped fortification made of 30 centimetres (12 in) thick ironwood and ulin wood. It is described to be about 290 Rijnlandsche roede (1093 meters) in length and width. The height of the wooden ramparts is more than 24 feet (7.3 m). The Kraton stretches between what is now Plaju and Pulau Kemaro, a small island located in the middle of the Musi River.[5]

The Kraton of Kuto Gawang was sketched by Joan van der Laen in 1659. The sketch shows a fortified city facing the Musi River with the Rengas River running through the middle part of the city from north to south. The Taligawe River is located to the east of Kuto Gawang, while to the west is the Buah River. In the middle of Kuto Gawang is a structure, possibly a mosque, located to the west of the Rengas River. The Kraton was described to also have three stone bastions. Foreigners (e.g. the Chinese and Portuguese) were known to settle on the banks of the Musi River opposite of the Kraton, to the west of the mouth of the Komering River.[5]

In 1659, the Dutch of the Dutch East India Company attacked and razed Kraton Kuto Gawang. The Susuhunan (king) Abdurrahman later moved his court to a new site called Beringin Janggut.[5]

Kraton Beringin Janggut

After the Kuto Gawang was destroyed by the Dutch East India Company forces in 1659, Susuhunan Abdurrahman ordered the court to move to the new Kraton, the Beringin Janggut, which was located in the vicinity of the Old Mosque (now Jalan Segaran). There is no written record of how is the shape, size, or existence of Beringin Janggut.[5]

The area of the Kraton Beringin Janggut was known to be surrounded by a network of canals: the Musi River to the south, the Tengkuruk River to the west, Penedan canal to the north, and Rendang or Karang Waru River to the east. The Penedan Canal was connected with the Kemenduran, Kapuran, and Kebon Duku canals. The network of canals was the main mode of transportation for people during this period of the Sultanate.[5]

Kraton Kuto Besak (1797–1823)

During the reign of Sultan Muhamad Bahaudin (1776–1803), the Kraton Kuto Besak (lit. 'great palace') was built, and was completed in 1797. It is the largest kraton the Palembang Sultanate had built and the only remaining kraton today. Renovations over time have altered the appearance of the kraton. Kuto Besak was located to the west of the site of old Kuto Tengkuruk. The site of Kuto Besak has a length of 288.75 meters, width of 183.75 meters, wall heightof 9.99 meters, and wall thickness of 1.99 meters which ran long east–west direction (upstream-downstream Musi). In every corner of the fortification wall are bastions, and the portal to the fortified city is located on the eastern, southern, and western sides. The southern portal is the main gate, known as Lawang Kuto. The secondary portals are known as Lawang Buratan, one portal still exists to the west of the Kuto Besak in present time.[5]

Following the Palembang War of 1821 and the dissolution of the Sultanate on 7 October 1823, the Kuto Tengkuruk was demolished.

Following the deconstruction Kuto Tengkuruk, under the order of van Sevenhoven,[6] a new building was constructed and was established as the residence of the Regeering Commissaris. The building is now Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum.

The Sultanate of Palembang was involved in skirmishes with the Dutch Colonial Empire and the private joint-stock companies such as the Dutch East India Company. After losing control of Palembang following a series of skirmishes and ambushes with Sultanate forces,[7] the Dutch gave way briefly to the British installed government of Indonesia.(which was not formally recognized by much of Indonesia, including Palembang)

Specific Conflicts include the 1811 attack on a Dutch Fort garrison off the cost of the Musi River led by Sultanate forces.[8] There was an investigation carried out by Dutch officials to determine whether British official Thomas Stamford Raffles coordinated with Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II to conduct the operation. Results found copies letters between Raffles and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II but without unquestionable evidence.[7][8]

The First Expedition to Palembang in 1819 resulted in the defeat of Dutch forces invading Palembang in 1819. Leaders of the conflict included Constantijn Johan Wolterbeek and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II. Accounts from Johan Wolterbeek mention that the heavily fortified coasts of the rivers of Palembang prevented Naval assault, thus halting the expedition. Neither side of the conflict obtained casualties in direct relation to combat on either side.

The Second Expedition to Palembang in 1821 resulted in the defeat of the Sultanate of Palembang defending against Dutch forces. Leaders of the conflict included Hendrik Merkus de Kock and Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II. In collaboration with information gathered by Wolterbeek, the Second Expedition was successful. The political result would be the transfer of power from the Sultanate to the Dutch Colonial Government and in 1823, the dissolvement of the Sultanate in total.

Dutch rule would last from June 1821 to December 27, 1949.[9]

Policy changes resulting in the end of the Palembang War

Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II would be removed from his position by Dutch authority and replaced by his son, Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin III,[10] who would maintain slight political power for 4 years until his status as Sultan was revoked by Dutch officials after he had attempted to escape to the Bengkulu region. In 1821 the Dutch implemented a Bureaucracy with an appointed governor and regional heads of authority to manage assigned districts of the area. They were considered a higher power than of that of the Sultan. Islamic religious courts were not altered.[11]

When the Sultanate was abolished, so was the allowance given to Palembang nobles by the Dutch government. Regional control and influence of the Sultanate and its officials would decrease over time and be directly influenced by Dutch decisions and policy. Ports were to be opened and improved to promote trade to other countries as the Sumatra region hosted a center for peppers.[12] There would be an increase to the immigration as a result, primarily Chinese and Arab merchants.[10] The Dutch oil company Shell moved into Palembang in 1904 to begin production.

Currently, there are two separate claimants to the sultanate, each running their own courts.

In 2003, the Palembang Sultanate Custom Community Council (Indonesian: Majelis Adat Kesultanan Palembang Darussalam) recognized Raden Haji Muhammad Syafei Prabu Diradja, a retired police officer, as a descendant of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II and proceeded to elect him as Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin III. The coronation took place in Lawang Kidul Mosque, near the tomb of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I (reigned 1724–1756).[13] The elderly Mahmud Badaruddin III later died on 8 September 2017, and was succeeded by his youngest son and heir apparent Raden Muhammad Fauwaz Diradja, who reigned as Mahmud Badaruddin IV.[14]

In 2006, Haji Raden Mahmud Badaruddin, chairman of Palembang Sultanate Lineage Association (Indonesian: Himpunan Zuriat Kesultanan Palembang Darussalam), was crowned Sultan Iskandar Mahmud Badaruddin following an adat deliberation. He is a direct male-line descendant of Prince Purboyo, son of Sultan Muhammad Mansyur, and the daughter of Mahmud Badaruddin I. The Palembang Sultanate was formally abolished in 1825, the sultans hold no authority beyond cultural and customary duties.[15]

Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk

During the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I, the fifty-hectares wide Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk or Kuto Lamo (lit. 'old palace') became the main center of the Palembang Sultanate. Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk was bordered with Kapuran River (now Pasar Cinde) to the north, Tengkuruk River to the east (in what is now the complex of Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang), River Musi to the south, and Sekanak River (now Lambidaro River in 36 Ilir) to the west. The landmarks of Kraton Kuto Tengkuruk were the domed Great Mosque and the palace proper of Kuto Batu / Kuto Tengkuruk.[5] Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin (reigned 1776–1803) had Kuto Besak's palace built. In 1821, the Dutch attacked Palembang again and annexed the city. The sultanate is dissolved and the fort of Kuto Tengkuruk, deconstructed. The Dutch have built in its place an administrative residence which is now the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II museum.

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Jarak antara kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia dan Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia di jalan umum adalah — km atau mil. Jarak antara titik-titik dalam koordinat — 201 km atau 120.6 mil. Untuk mengatasi jarak ini dengan kecepatan kendaraan rata-rata 80 km / jam membutuhkan — 2.5 jam atau 150.8 menit.

Panjang jarak ini adalah tentang 0.5% total panjang khatulistiwa. Pesawat Airbus A380 akan terbang jarak di 0.2 jam, dan kereta 2.9 jam (Ada kereta berkecepatan tinggi).

Awal Juli 2022, Ferdy Sambo masih memegang jabatan Kepala Divisi Profesi dan Pengamanan (Kadiv Propam) Polri dengan pangkat Irjen alias Jenderal Polisi Bintang Dua. Saat itu Ferdy Sambo masih memiliki pengaruh dan power yang sangat besar.

Tak sedikit orang yang mengatakan bahwa Ferdy Sambo "Jenderal Bintang Dua rasa Bintang Lima". Dari kalimat itu juga tergambar jelas bagaimana pengaruh dan power yang dimiliki Ferdy Sambo.

Namun siapa sangka satu bulan kemudian jabatan Kadiv Propam Polri yang diduduki Ferdy Sambo itu hilang. Kapolri Jenderal Listyo Sigit Prabowo mencopot Ferdy Sambo sebagai Kadiv Propam Polri. Hal itu sebagaimana tertuang dalam surat telegram nomor 1628/VIII/KEP/2022 tanggal 4 Agustus 2022.

Lima hari setelah dicopot sebagai Kadiv Propam Polri, Ferdy Sambo kemudian menyandang status tersangka terkait kematian Brigadir Nofriansyah Yosua Hutabarat alias Brigadir J. Status tersangka resmi disandang Ferdy Sambo pada tanggal 9 Agustus 2022.

Ferdy Sambo pun dijerat pasal 340 KUHP tentang pembunuhan berencana subsider Pasal 338 KUHP junto pasal 55 dan pasal 56 KUHP. Ferdy Sambo menghadapi ancaman maksimal hukuman mati atau penjara seumur hidup atau selama-lamanya 20 tahun.

Ferdy Sambo semakin terpuruk. Jabatan, kekuasaan, dan kehidupan yang nyaman hilang dalam hitungan waktu yang sekejap.

Kemudian tak lama setelah ditetapkan sebagai tersangka dalam kasus Brigadir J, tanggal 26 Agustus 2022 Ferdy Sambo diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat alias di-PTDH-kan dari anggota kepolisian. Artinya sejak hari itu Ferdy Sambo bukan lagi seorang polisi.

Ferdy Sambo yang memiliki jabatan penting, memiliki pengaruh dan kekuasaan yang besar, dihormati dan disegani, serta karir yang moncer kini tiada lagi. Ferdy Sambo berubah menjadi pesakitan. Hukuman mati atau penjara seumur hidup menanti di depan mata.

Tak hanya Ferdy Sambo, sang istri Putri Candrawathi (PC) pun demikian. Sebagaimana sang suami, PC pun kehilangan segalanya. PC kehilangan kekuasaan dan kehidupan yang nyaman. Semua hilang dalam hitungan waktu yang tidak lama.

Ferdy Sambo dan PC benar-benar bernasib malang. Hal itu karena tidak bisa mengendalikan diri, yaitu menghilangkan nyawa orang lain, semua harus dibayar mahal dengan semua yang mereka miliki.

Lihat Humaniora Selengkapnya

Selamat tahun baru China, Sobat Zenius!

Kalau menurut elo, kira-kira hal apa sih yang mengingatkan sama tahun baru Imlek?

Coba gue tebak ya .… Hal pertama yang membuat elo merasa excited mungkin tao hongbao atau angpao, kue bulan, atau malah barongsai?

Hmm … memang itu sudah dikenal menjadi tradisi dari tahun ke tahunnya, sih.

Simpelnya nih, kalau elo pergi ke tempat umum atau bahkan mall pas tahun baru Imlek sebelum adanya virus Covid-19, biasanya ada tuh pameran tarian barongsai naga yang menghibur pengunjung.

Memang sih, di tahun 2021 lalu, pameran barongsai ini sempat ditiadakan karena melonjaknya penyebaran virus.

Tapi, di tahun 2022, dengan kasus Covid-19 yang tidak separah tahun lalu, beberapa mall sekitar Jakarta sudah mulai menayangkan pertunjukkan barongsai lagi lho, seperti Ciputra dan Summarecon Bekasi.

Bahkan, Ancol menghadirkan atraksi barongsai naga dan singa secara underwater di Sea World. Jadi, ingin pergi juga, nggak?

Eh, tapi, memangnya ada ya, hubungan antara naga sama Imlek? Kok, sampai identik banget ya, setiap Imlek pasti ada simbol naga di mana-mana?

Yuk, kepoin artikel ini sampai habis, ya!

Baca juga: Serba-serbi Perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek di Indonesia